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[[:en:telematics|''Telematics''']] is an interdisciplinary field encompassing [[telecommunication]]s, vehicular technologies, road transportation, road safety, electrical engineering (sensors, instrumentation, wireless communications, etc.), computer science (multimedia, Internet, etc.). Hence the application of telematics is with any of the following:
[[File:Lexus Gen V navigation system.jpg|thumb|250px|Lexus Gen V navigation system]]

* The technology of sending, receiving and storing information via telecommunication devices in conjunction with affecting control on remote objects.
* The integrated use of [[telecommunication]]s and [[Information technology|informatics]], for application in vehicles and with control of vehicles on the move.
* Telematics includes but is not limited to [[Global Positioning System]] technology integrated with computers and mobile communications technology in [[automotive navigation system]]s.
* Most narrowly, the term has evolved to refer to the use of such systems within [[road vehicle]]s, in which case the term '''vehicle telematics''' may be used.

In contrast [[:en:telemetry]] is the transmission of measurements from the location of origin to the location of computing and consumption, especially without affecting control on the remote objects. Telemetry is typically applied in testing of flight objects but has multiple other uses.

== History ==

The etymology of ''telematics'' is from the Greek "tele" ('far away', especially in relation to the process of producing or recording) and ~Matos (a derivative of the Greek machinari, or contrivance, usually taken in this context of automaton,to mean 'of its own accord').  As combined, the term "telematics" describes the process of long-distance transmission of computer-based information. It was first introduced in French by Simon Nora and Alain Minc in ''L'informatisation de la Société'' (La Documentation Française, 1978)

== Vehicle telematics ==

Telematics — 
# The convergence of telecommunications and information processing, the term later evolved to refer to automation in automobiles, such as the invention of the emergency warning system for vehicles. GPS navigation, integrated hands-free cell phones, wireless safety communications and automatic driving assistance systems all are covered under the telematics umbrella.
# The science of '''Tele'''communications and Infor'''matics'''  applied in wireless technologies and computational systems.  [[802.11p]], the IEEE standard in the 802.11 family and also referred to as [[Wireless Access for the Vehicular Environment]] (WAVE), is the primary standard that addresses and enhances [[Intelligent Transportation System]].
# Emad Isaac, CTO of LoJack defines Telematics as "The potential for collection, aggregation, and storage of pertinent data that can be digested locally, or post-processed remotely." While this definition suggests a more universally applicable technology as a [[superset]] of M2M ([[Machine to Machine]]) connectivity, and as part of an "intelligent network of connected things", the term is typically associated with the [[vehicle]] market.<ref>http://www.oemoffhighway.com/article/10181908/telematics-linking-the-future-now. Retrieved 2010-12-22{{Dead link|date=January 2012}}</ref>

== Practical applications of vehicle telematics ==
[[File:SOBI electronics package jeh.jpg|thumb|Share bicycle with solar powered electronics to track and account for its usage]]

Vehicle telematics can help improve the efficiency of an organization. Practical applications include;

=== Vehicle tracking ===
[[Vehicle tracking]] is monitoring the location, movements, status and behaviour of a vehicle or fleet of vehicles. This is achieved through a combination of a [[GPS]]([[GNSS]]) receiver and an electronic device (usually comprising a [[GSM]] [[GPRS]] modem or [[SMS]] sender) installed in each vehicle, communicating with the user (dispatching, emergency or co-ordinating unit) and PC- or web-based software. The data is turned into information by management reporting tools in conjunction with a visual display on computerised [[map]]ping software. Vehicle tracking systems may also use [[odometry]] or [[dead reckoning]] as an alternative or complementary means of navigation.

GPS tracking is usually accurate to around 10–20 metres,<ref>http://www.kowoma.de/en/gps/accuracy.htm</ref> but the [[European Space Agency]] has developed the [[EGNOS]] technology to provide accuracy to 1.5 metres.<ref>http://www.esa.int/esaNA/egnos.html</ref>

=== Trailer tracking ===
[[Trailer tracking]] is tracking the movements and position of an articulated vehicle's [[trailer unit]], through the use of a location unit fitted to the trailer and a method of returning the position data via mobile communication network or geostationary satellite communications, for use through either PC- or web-based software.

Cold store freight trailers that deliver fresh or frozen foods are increasingly incorporating telematics to gather [[time-series]] data on the temperature inside the cargo container, both to [[trigger alarms and record an audit trail]] for business purposes.  An increasingly sophisticated array of sensors, many incorporating [[RFID]] technology, are being used to ensure the [[cold chain]].

=== Container tracking ===
Freight containers can be tracked by GPS using a similar approach to that used for trailer tracking i.e. a battery-powered GPS device communicating its position via mobile phone or satellite communications. Benefits of this approach include increased security <ref>http://www.mjc2.com/container-logistics-security-optimization.htm</ref> and the possibility to reschedule the container transport movements based on accurate information about its location. According to Berg Insight the installed base of tracking units in the intermodal shipping container segment reached 190,000 at the end of 2013.<ref>http://www.berginsight.com/News.aspx?m_m=6&s_m=1</ref> Growing at a compound annual growth rate of 38.2 percent, the installed base will reach 960,000 units at the end of 2018.

=== Fleet management ===
[[Fleet management]] is the management of a company's [[Fleet vehicles|fleet]].
Fleet management includes the management of ships and or motor vehicles such as cars, vans and trucks. Fleet (vehicle) Management can include a range of Fleet Management functions, such as vehicle financing, vehicle maintenance, vehicle telematics (tracking and diagnostics), driver management, fuel management, health & safety management and dynamic vehicle scheduling.<ref>http://www.mjc2.com/Frameset_products_realtime.htm Real-time scheduling using GPS</ref> Fleet Management is a function which allows companies which rely on transportation in their business to remove or minimize the risks associated with vehicle investment, improving efficiency, productivity and reducing their overall transportation costs, providing 100% compliancy with government legislation and [[Duty of Care]] obligations. These functions can either be dealt with by an in-house Fleet Management department or an outsourced Fleet Management provider.<ref>{{cite web|last=Zagoudis|first=Jeff|title=Telematics Puts Managers In The Driver’s Seat|url=http://www.constructionequipment.com/telematics-puts-managers-driver’s-seat|accessdate=July 3, 2013}}</ref>

The Association of Equipment Management Professionals (AEMP) successfully developed the industry's first Telematic Standard [http://www.telematicstandard.org].
   
In 2008, AEMP brought together the major construction equipment manufacturers and telematics providers in the heavy equipment industry to discuss the development of the industry's first telematics standard.<ref>http://www.constructionequipment.com/aemp-releases-updated-version-telematics-standard</ref> Following agreement from Caterpillar, Volvo CE, Komatsu, and John Deere Construction & Forestry to support such a standard, the AEMP formed a standards development subcommittee, chaired by Pat Crail CEM, to develop the standard,.<ref>https://netforum.avectra.com/eWeb/DynamicPage.aspx?Site=AEMP&Webcode=LeadershipDetail&cmt_key=19a31e1d-e426-4931-bb58-1153bc98ce87</ref> This committee consisted of developers provided by the Caterpillar/Trimble joint venture known as Virtual Site Solutions, Volvo CE, and John Deere. Will McFadyen of McFadyen & Associates provided expertise derived through years of integrating telematics data from various providers into a wide variety of customer fleet management, estimating, and accounting systems. This group worked from February 2009 through September 2010 to develop the industry's first standard for the delivery of telematics data.<ref name="telematicstandard.org">http://www.telematicstandard.org/The_AEMP_Telematics_Data_Standard_Support_Site/AEMP_Standard_Blog/Entries/2010/10/15_Telematic_standard_update.html</ref> 
   
:The result, the AEMP Telematics Data Standard V1.1,<ref>http://www.aemp.org/resources/Telematics_Standards.pdf</ref> was released in 2010 and officially went live on October 1st, 2010. As of November 1, 2010, Caterpillar, Volvo CE, John Deere Construction & Forestry, OEM Data Delivery, and Navman Wireless are able to support customers with delivery of basic telematics data in a standard xml format. Komatsu, Topcon, and others are finishing beta testing and have indicated that they will be able to support customers before the end of 2010.<ref name="telematicstandard.org"/>

:The AEMP's telematics data standard was developed to allow end users to integrate key telematics data (operating hours, location, fuel consumed, and odometer reading where applicable) into their existing fleet management reporting systems. As such, the standard was primarily intended to facilitate importation of these data elements into enterprise software systems such as those used by many medium to large construction contractors. Prior to the standard, end users had few options for integrating this data into their reporting systems in a mixed-fleet environment consisting of multiple brands of machines and a mix of telematics-equipped machines and legacy machines (those without telematics devices where operating data is still reported manually via pen and paper). One option available to machine owners was to visit multiple websites to manually retrieve data from each manufacturer's telematics interface and then manually enter it into their fleet management program's database. This option was cumbersome and labor-intensive.<ref name="constructionequipment.com">http://www.constructionequipment.com/article/telematics-turns-corner</ref>

:A second option was for the end user to develop an API (Application Programming Interface), or program, to integrate the data from each telematics provider into his or her database. This option was quite costly, as each telematics provider had a different procedure for accessing and retrieving the data and the data format varied from provider to provider. This option automated the process, but because each provider required a unique, custom API to retrieve and parse the data, it was an expensive option. in addition, another API had to be developed any time another brand of machine or telematics device was added to the fleet.<ref name="constructionequipment.com"/>

:A third option for mixed-fleet integration was to replace the various factory-installed telematics devices with devices from a third party telematics provider. Although this solved the problem of having multiple data providers requiring unique integration methods, this was by far the most expensive option. In addition to the expense, many of the third-party devices available for construction equipment are unable to access data directly from the machine's electronic control modules (ECMs), or computers, and as such are more limited than the device installed by the OEM (Cat, Volvo, Deere, Komatsu, etc) in the data they are able to provide. In some cases, these devices are limited to location and engine run time, although they are increasingly able to accommodate a number of add-on sensors to provide additional data.<ref name="constructionequipment.com"/>

:The AEMP Telematics Data Standard provides a fourth option. By concentrating on the key data elements that drive the majority of fleet management reports (hours, miles, location, fuel consumption), making those data elements available in a standardized xml format, and standardizing the means by which the document is retrieved, the standard allows the end user to use one API to retrieve data from any participating telematics provider. Because one API can retrieve data from any participating telematics provider, as opposed to the unique API for each provider that was required previously, integration development costs are greatly reduced.<ref>http://www.telematicstandard.org/The_AEMP_Telematics_Data_Standard_Support_Site/About_the_Standard.html</ref>

=== Satellite navigation ===
[[File:Prius mfd consumption.jpg|thumb|240px|Telematics display on a Toyota [[Prius]]]]
Satellite navigation in the context of vehicle telematics is the technology of using a GPS and electronic mapping tool to enable the driver of a vehicle to locate a position, plan a route and navigate a journey.

=== Mobile data ===
Mobile data is the use of wireless data communications using radio waves to send and receive real time computer data to, from and between devices used by field based personnel. These devices can be fitted solely for use while in the vehicle (Fixed Data Terminal) or for use in and out of the vehicle (Mobile Data Terminal). See [[mobile Internet]].

The common methods for mobile data communication for telematics was based on private vendors RF communication infrastructure. During the early 2000, manufacturers of mobile data terminals/AVL devices, moved to try cellular data communication in order to offer cheaper ways to transmit telematics information and wider range based on the country full coverage of cellular providers. Ever since then, thanks to the cellular providers that offered low GPRS (2.5G) and later UMTS (3G) rates, mobile data is almost totally offered to telematics customers by cellular communication.

=== Wireless vehicle safety communications ===
[[Wireless vehicle safety communications]] telematics aid in car safety and road safety. It is an electronic sub-system in a car or other vehicle for the purpose of exchanging safety information, about such things as road hazards and the locations and speeds of vehicles, over [[short range radio links]]. This may involve temporary ad hoc wireless local area networks.

Wireless units will be installed in vehicles and probably also in fixed locations such as near traffic signals and emergency call boxes along the road. Sensors in the cars and at the fixed locations, as well as possible connections to wider networks, will provide the information, which will be [[displayed to the drivers]] in some way. The range of the radio links can be extended by forwarding messages along multi-hop paths. Even without fixed units, information about fixed hazards can be maintained by moving vehicles by passing it backwards. It also seems possible for traffic lights, which one can expect to become smarter, to use this information to reduce the chance of collisions.

Further in the future, it may connect directly to the [[adaptive cruise control]] or other vehicle control aids. Cars and trucks with the wireless system connected to their brakes may move in convoys, to save fuel and space on the roads. When any column member slows down, all those behind it will automatically slow also. There are also possibilities that need less engineering effort. A radio beacon could be connected to the brake light, for example.

Network ideas are scheduled for test in fall 2008, in Europe where radio frequency bandwidth has been allocated.  The 30&nbsp;MHz allocated is at 5.9&nbsp;GHz, and unallocated bandwidth at 5.4&nbsp;GHz may also be used.  The standard is IEEE 802.11p, a low latency form of the Wi-Fi local area network standard.   Similar efforts are underway in Japan and the USA.<ref name="example">"Car Talk", ''IEEE Spectrum'', October 2008, p. 16</ref>

===Emergency warning system for vehicles===
Telematics technologies are self-orientating open [[network architecture]] structures of [[variable programmable intelligent beacons]] developed for application in the development of intelligent vehicles, with the intent to accord (blend, or mesh) warning information with surrounding vehicles in the vicinity of travel, intra-vehicle, and infrastructure. Emergency warning systems for vehicles telematics are developed particularly for international harmonisation and standardisation of vehicle-to-vehicle, infrastructure-to-vehicle, and vehicle-to-infrastructure real-time Dedicated Short Range Communication ([[DSRC]]) systems.

Telematics most commonly relate to computerised systems that update information at the same rate as they receive data, enabling them to direct or control a process such as an instantaneous autonomous warning notification in a remote machine or group of machines. By use of telematics as applied to intelligent vehicle technologies, instantaneous direction travel cognizance of a vehicle may be transmitted in real-time to surrounding vehicles traveling in the local area of vehicles equipped (with EWSV) to receive said warning signals of danger.

===Intelligent vehicle technologies===
Telematics comprise electronic, electromechanical, and electromagnetic devices — usually silicon micromachined components operating in conjunction with computer controlled devices and radio transceivers to provide precision repeatability functions (such as in robotics artificial intelligence systems) emergency warning validation performance reconstruction.

Intelligent vehicle technologies commonly apply to car safety systems and self-contained autonomous electromechanical [[sensors]] generating warnings that can be transmitted within a specified targeted area of interest, say within 100 meters of the emergency warning system for vehicles transceiver. In ground applications, intelligent vehicle technologies are utilized for safety and commercial communications between vehicles or between a vehicle and a sensor along the road.

On November 3, 2009 the most advanced [[Intelligent car|Intelligent Vehicle]] concept car was demonstrated in New York City. A 2010 Toyota Prius became the first LTE Connected Car. The demonstration was provided by the NG Connect project, a collaboration of automotive telematic technologies designed to exploit in-car 4G wireless network connectivity.<ref>[http://www.ngconnect.org/blog/?p=125 LTE Connected Car Launches in NYC, NG Connect, November 6, 2009]</ref>

===Car clubs===
Telematics technology has allowed [[car club]]s to emerge, such as [[City Car Club]] in the [[UK]]. Telematics-enabled computers allow organizers to track members' usage and bill them on a [[pay-as-you-drive]] basis.  Some systems show users where to find an idle vehicle.<ref>[http://www.gizmag.com/sobi-bicycle-sharing-system/19153/ Gizmag] Sharing system</ref> Car Clubs such as Australia's [http://www.charterdrive.com.au Charter Drive] use telematics to monitor and report on vehicle use within pre-defined [[geofence]] areas, in order to demonstrate the [[reach (advertising)|reach]] of their [[transit media]] car club fleet.

===Auto insurance===
''See also [[PAYD]] and [[Auto insurance risk selection]]''

The basic idea of telematic [[auto insurance]] is that a driver's behavior is monitored directly while the person drives and this information is transmitted to an insurance company.  The insurance company then assesses the risk of that driver having an accident and charges insurance premiums accordingly. A driver who drives less responsibly, will be charged a higher premium than a driver who drives smoothly and with less calculated risk of claim propensity. Other benefits can be delivered to end users with [[Telematics2.0]] based telematics as customer engagement can be enhanced with direct customer interaction{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

Telematic auto insurance was independently invented and patented<ref>[http://www.bakosenterprises.com/IP/B-10152004/IPB-10152004.html Nowotarski, Mark, "Progressive Builds a Fortress of Patent Protection", Insurance IP Bulletin, October 15, 2004]</ref> by a major U.S. auto insurance company, [[Progressive Corporation|Progressive Auto Insurance]] {{US patent|5797134}} and a Spanish independent inventor, Salvador Minguijon Perez ([http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0700009&F=8&RPN=EP0700009&DOC=cca34af1984f0dc47b32e9a9722ad1a148 European Patent EP0700009B1]). The Perez patents cover monitoring the car's [[engine control computer]] to determine distance driven, speed, time of day, braking force, etc.  Ironically, Progressive is developing the Perez technology in the US and European auto insurer [[Norwich Union]] is developing the Progressive technology for Europe.

According to [[ABI Research]] global insurance telematics subscriptions could exceed 107 million in 2018, up from 5.5 million at the end of 2013.<ref>[http://www.abiresearch.com/press/global-insurance-telematics-subscriptions-to-excee Global Insurance Telematics Subscriptions to Exceed 100 million by 2018, but Auto Insurance Faces Dramatic Changes], ABI Research</ref> 
PTOLEMUS estimates UBI will represent more than 100 million telematic policies generating in excess of €50 billion in premiums globally by 2020.<ref>http://www.ptolemus.com/ubi-study/ubi-study-overview/</ref>

Trials conducted by Norwich Union in 2005 have found that young drivers (18 to 23 year olds) signing up for telematic auto insurance have had a 20% lower accident rate than average.<ref>[http://www.aviva.com/index.asp?PageID=55&year=&newsid=2840&filter=corporate,csr,uklife,intlife,ukgeneral,intgeneral,morleyfm,intfm]</ref>

Theoretical economic research in 2007 on the social welfare effects of Progressive's telematics technology business process patents have questioned whether the business process patents are [[Pareto efficiency|pareto]] efficient for society. Preliminary results suggest that it is not, but more work is needed.<ref>{{cite web | title = Strauss and Hollis, 2007, Insurance Markets When Firms are Asymmetrically Informed: A Note | url = http://homepages.ucalgary.ca/~jdstraus/Strauss_Hollis_Insurance_Markets_when_Firms_are_Asymmetrically_Informed.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Hollis and Strauss, 2007, Privacy, Driving Data and Automobile Insurance: An Economic Analysis | url = http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/11091/1/hollis_strauss_edr_and_privacy_november16_1_.pdf }}</ref> The progressive patents have been overturned in the US Legal system Apr 2014 on grounds of lack of originality.

== Telematics education {{Anchor|EADIS}} ==

A project entitled the European Automotive Digital Innovation Studio (EADIS) has been awarded 400,000 Euros from the [[European commission]] under its [[Leonardo da Vinci programme]]. EADIS will use a virtual work environment called the Digital Innovation Studio to train and develop professional designers in the automotive industry in the impact and application of ‘vehicle telematics’ so that they may integrate new technologies into future products within the automotive industry.

“The European automotive industry is losing competitiveness as challengers from lower-cost economies have increased their share of world automotive markets” (CLEPA, European Association of automotive supplier’s White paper 2005). As a European solution to this problem, EADIS will develop training and infrastructure to enable European companies to operate more innovatively and efficiently.

This project is executed in partnership with:
* Coventry University (CEPAD), UK
* Oulu University of Applied Sciences, Finland
* Munster University of Applied Sciences, Germany
* Turin Polytechnic, Italy
* Technical University of Delft, the Netherlands
An Advisory panel made up of industry representatives including RDM automotive, Ricardo and MIRA has been set up to evaluate the project. All the partners are looking forward to developing the project and using it as a platform for building relationships and collaborating internationally with other universities and industry partners.

==See also==
<!-- In alphabetic order -->
*[[Artificial Passenger]]
*[[Automotive navigation system]]
*[[Carputer]]
*[[Fleet telematics system]]
*[[Floating car data]]
*[[GNSS road pricing]]
*[[Information and communication technology]]
*[[Infotainment]]
*[[Intelligent transportation system]]
*[[Intelligent vehicle technologies]]
*[[Map database management]]
*[[Mass surveillance]]
*[[Telematics for Libraries Program]]
*[[Telemetry]]
*[[Telematic art]]
*[[Usage-based insurance]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
* Matthew Wright, Editor, UK Telematics Online [http://www.uktelematicsonline.co.uk]
* IEEE Communications Magazine, April 2005, "Ad Hoc Peer-to-Peer Network Architecture for Vehicle Safety Communications"
* IEEE Communications Magazine, April 2005, "The Application-Based Clustering Concept and Requirements for Intervehicle Networks"
* Jerzy Mikulski, Editor, "Advances in Transport Systems Telematics". Monograph. Publisher Jacek Skalmierski Computer Studio. Katowice 2006. ISBN 83-917156-4-7
* Jerzy Mikulski, Editor, "Advances in Transport Systems Telematics 2". Monograph. Publisher Chair of Automatic Control in Transport, Faculty of Transport, Silesian University of Technology. Katowice 2007. ISBN 978-83-917156-6-6
* World report on road traffic injury prevention. World Health Organization. [http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/publications/road_traffic/world_report/summary_en_rev.pdf]
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.telematics.com Telematics]